How Chat Systems Became Digital Infrastructure From Early Mainframes to Future Agents: A Roadmap for Human-Centered Dialogue

The development of modern messaging begins well before social platforms. In the early computing age, computers were room-sized, scarce, and difficult to operate. Work was usually handled through queued jobs. People prepared paper tapes, submitted programs and data, and waited for a line-printer output to return results. This process was slow, and i

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